Now updated and expanded to cover the latest technologies, this full-color text on clinical refraction uses an easy-to-read format to give optometry students and practitioners all the important information they need. Also covers a wide range of other aspects of the eye exam, including anterior and posterior segment evaluations, contact lens, ocular pharmacology, and visual field analysis. Four new chapters cover wavefront-guided refraction, optical correction with refractive surgeries, prosthetic devices, and patients with ocular pathology.

• Offer precise, step-by-step how-to's for performing all of the most effective refractive techniques.
• Presents individualized refractive approaches for the full range of patients, including special patient populations.
• Contriubtors are internationally recognized, leading authorities in the field.

SECTION I: PRINCIPLES

1. Refractive Status of the Eye

2. Incidence and Distribution of Refractive Anomalies

3. Development of the Ametropias

4. Accommodation, the Pupil, and Presbyopia

5. Fusion and Binocularity

SECTION II: ADJUNCT EXAMINATIONS

6. The Ophthalmic Case Historian

7. Visual Acuity

8. Contrast Sensitivity and Glare Testing

9. Color Vision

10. Ocular Motility

11. The Physical Examination

12. Pharmacology and Refraction

13. Anterior Segment Evaluation

14. Posterior Segment Evaluation

15. Visual Field Screening and Analysis

16. Clinical Electrophysiology

SECTION III: THE REFRACTION

17. Corneal Topography

18. Objective Refraction: Retinoscopy, Autorefraction and Photorefraction

19. Wavefront-Guided Refraction

20. Monocular and Binocular

21. Phorometry and Stereopsis

SECTION IV: ANALYSIS AND PRESCRIPTION OF OPTICAL CORRECTIONS

22. Analysis, Interpretation, and Prescription for the Ametropias and Heterophorias

23. Correction with Single Vision

24. Correction with Multifocal Spectacle Lenses

25. Prescription of Absorptive Lenses

26. Applied Optics of Contact Lens Correction

27. Clinical Optics of Contact Lens Prescription

28. Correction of Presbyopia with Contact Lenses

29. Optical Correction with Refractive Surgeries and Prosthetic Devices

SECTION V: SPECIAL CONDITIONS

30. Infants, Toddlers, and Children

31. Patients with Amblyopia and Strabismus

32. Patients with Anisometropia and Aniseikonia

33. Patients with High Refractive Error

34. Patients with Irregular Corneal Astigmatism

35. The Elderly

36. Patients with Low Vision

37. Patients with Ocular Pathology

By William J. Benjamin, OD, MS, PhD, Professor of Optometry and Physiological Optics, Director of Clinical Research and Senior Scientist, Vision Science Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Optometry, Birmingham, AL